Chemical Classification of crude herbal drugs
The crude drugs are divided into different groups according to the chemical nature of their most
important constituent. Since the pharmacological activity and therapeutic significance of crude
drugs are based on the nature of their chemical constituents. The chemical classification of drugs
is dependent upon the grouping of drugs with identical constituents.
An out of this classification is as follows:
1. Carbohydrates– Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones containing an unbroken chain of carbon atoms. Gums Acacia, Tragacanth, Guargum Mucilages Plantago seed Others Starch, Honey, Agar, Pectin, Cotton
2. Glycosides – Glycosides are compounds which upon hydrolysis give rise to one or more sugars (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone). Anthraquinone Glycosides Aloe, Cascara, Rhubarb, Senna Saponins Glycosides Quillaia, Arjuna, Glycyrrhiza Cyanophore Glycosides Wild cherry bark Isothiocyanate Glycosides Mustard Cardiac Glycosides Digitalis, Strophantus Bitter Glycosides Gentian, Calumba, Quassia, Chirata, Kalmegh
3. Tannins– Tannins are complex organic, non-nitrogenous derivatives of polyhydroxy benzoic acids. Examples- Pale catechu, Black catechu, Ashoka bark, Galls, Myrobalan, Bahera, Amla
4. Volatile oils– Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes obtained from plants Examples- Cinnamon, Fennel, Dill, Caraway, Coriander, Cardamom, Orange peel, Mint, Clove, valerian
5. Lipids Fixed oils – Castor, Olive, Almond, Shark liver oil Fats – Theobroma, Lanolin Waxes – Beeswax, Spermaceti
6. Resins– Complex mixture of compounds like resinols, resin acids, resinotannols, resenes. Examples Colophony, Podophyllum, Cannabis, Jalap, Capsicum, Turmeric, Balsam of Tolu and Peru, Asafoetida, Myrrh, Ginger
7. Alkaloids – Nitrogenous substance of plant origin Pyridine and Piperidine – Lobelia, Nicotiana Tropane - Coca, Belladonna, Datura, Stramonium, Hyoscyamus, Henbane Quinoline – Cinchona Isoquinoline – Opium, Ipecac, Calumba Indole – Ergot, Rauwolfia Amines – Ephedra Purina – Tea, coffee
8. Protein – Gelatin, Ficin, Papain
9. Vitamins - Yeast
10. Triterpenes – Rasna, Colocynth
An out of this classification is as follows:
1. Carbohydrates– Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones containing an unbroken chain of carbon atoms. Gums Acacia, Tragacanth, Guargum Mucilages Plantago seed Others Starch, Honey, Agar, Pectin, Cotton
2. Glycosides – Glycosides are compounds which upon hydrolysis give rise to one or more sugars (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone). Anthraquinone Glycosides Aloe, Cascara, Rhubarb, Senna Saponins Glycosides Quillaia, Arjuna, Glycyrrhiza Cyanophore Glycosides Wild cherry bark Isothiocyanate Glycosides Mustard Cardiac Glycosides Digitalis, Strophantus Bitter Glycosides Gentian, Calumba, Quassia, Chirata, Kalmegh
3. Tannins– Tannins are complex organic, non-nitrogenous derivatives of polyhydroxy benzoic acids. Examples- Pale catechu, Black catechu, Ashoka bark, Galls, Myrobalan, Bahera, Amla
4. Volatile oils– Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes obtained from plants Examples- Cinnamon, Fennel, Dill, Caraway, Coriander, Cardamom, Orange peel, Mint, Clove, valerian
5. Lipids Fixed oils – Castor, Olive, Almond, Shark liver oil Fats – Theobroma, Lanolin Waxes – Beeswax, Spermaceti
6. Resins– Complex mixture of compounds like resinols, resin acids, resinotannols, resenes. Examples Colophony, Podophyllum, Cannabis, Jalap, Capsicum, Turmeric, Balsam of Tolu and Peru, Asafoetida, Myrrh, Ginger
7. Alkaloids – Nitrogenous substance of plant origin Pyridine and Piperidine – Lobelia, Nicotiana Tropane - Coca, Belladonna, Datura, Stramonium, Hyoscyamus, Henbane Quinoline – Cinchona Isoquinoline – Opium, Ipecac, Calumba Indole – Ergot, Rauwolfia Amines – Ephedra Purina – Tea, coffee
8. Protein – Gelatin, Ficin, Papain
9. Vitamins - Yeast
10. Triterpenes – Rasna, Colocynth
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